Team Smart City: Karthick, Sindhu, M. Ramanadha

Created November 2, 2017 © GPL3+

Balloonsonde for City Environment Monitoring

In cities there will be more pollution causes surface warming by measuring environmental conditions we can make city safe.

BeginnerFull instructions provided1 hour149

$100

ST SensorTile: IoT Sensing Magic!

Balloonsonde for City Environment Monitoring

Things used in this project

Hardware components

STM32 SensorTile

Software apps and online services

STM32 ST BlueM

Hand tools and fabrication machines

Kite Thread

Balloons

Hydrogen gas

Color cello Tape

Scissors

Story

Story: Smart city have smarter transport system, halls, shops, vehicles, buildings, parks, etc. It is necessary to be free from pollutants in the smart city in order to check the environmental conditions of the city it is better to have smart device to sense the parameters which can be helpful to the meteorologists and forecaster about the current health state of the city.

In the present project we are going to use SensorTile to monitor the environmental parameters like temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, direction using on-board temperature sensor, pressure sensor, humidity sensor, accelerometer, gyro, magnetometer. The following steps explain how we construct Bolloonsonde and used for environmental conditions monitoring.

Step 1: We have weather stations located at important and safety sites to monitor environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, direction, sun radiation, rainfall. This helps to measure the conditions over a particular site and useful only for that area. For a city we need to place multiple stations network to analysis and find the city conditions. This weather station is fixed at location and upto 5m height level.

Automatic weather station to monitor weather conditions.

Step 2: In order to replace the fixed weather station we have used SensorTile as mobile weather station using Hydrogen filled balloons. Hydrogen gas is filled in balloon to lift the SensorTile up to 25 meters height because the range of Bluetooth is within this limit to record data in mobile app. The sensortile device is attached to balloons using kite thread, we use this as kite because the SensorTile can be lifted into space due to hydrogen filled balloon we may loss the device.

Balloonsonde

Step 3: Once the Balloonsonde is ready we switch ON the SensorTile device to connect the mobile app.

SensorTile attached to the hydrogen filled balloons to act as mobile weather station.

Step 4: The app is started to scan for checking the device availability.

App started to scan the device availability

Step 5: Once the device is identified we can establish a connection by clicking on the device from the list.

App identified the device

Step 6: The app open the status of the measuring sensors at initial screen. Click on the START LOGGING to log the data from sensors and store in the SD card.

Initial Screen showing the basic parameters.

Step 7: We can see the temperature recording on the app screen the graph shows how the temperature is going to change with respect to time. The sensor is still at ground level and not lifted to the required level (E.g. 5m, 10m, 15m, 20m, 25m).

Temperature plot with respect to time.

Step 8: We can visualize the pressure data in the app by selecting the pressure option from the selection list.

Plot showing Pressure vs time

Step 9: Slowly now lift the balloons to 5 meter height level by releasing the thread. The measurement can be carried out for the specified time foe example 5 minutes, one hour or a day as upon the user wish.

Balloons lifted the SensorTile to 5 meters to measure the environmental conditions over that height

Step 10: Now the balloonsonde is lifted to a height of 10 meters to record the data over that height

Balloonsonde at about 15 meters height.

Step 11: Pressure sensor record a slight change in pressure with change in altitude and the environmental conditions.

Change in pressure when sensor reached to 15 meters height.

Step 12: The magnetometer shows the sensor movement in different direction due to wind direction. In calm wind the deflection is minimum, due to wind flow it shows change in direction.

Magnetometer showing the wind deflection movements.

Step 13: The Balloonsonde is lifted to the height of 15 meters to record data over that height.

Balloonsonde at 25 meters height.

Step 14: The magnetometer shows their are slide change in winds over that height.

Wind measurement at 15 meter height

Step 15: The balloonsonde is now lifted to 20 meters height.

Balloonsonde at 20 meters height.

Step 16: Balloonsonde is lifted to the maximum height to record data at that particular height.

Balloonsonde at 25 meters height from ground level.

Step 17: The data of wind speed is found from magnetometer their are some what high winds when compared to the ground level.

Wind fluctuations at 25 meters height.

Step 18: Accelerometer sensor from SensorTile also confirm the wind speed and direction variations.

Acceleration at 25 meter height due to wind variations.

Step 19: The recorded data can be saved in SD card and transfer to meteorologists to have a detail analysis on the city environmental conditions.

Recorded data send to the meteorologists for future analysis.

Step 20: The recorded data is used to plot the profile from ground level to 25 meters height level. The temperature data plot is shown in the below figure.

Temperature profile data from the SensorTile at different height.

Step 21: Humidity profile shown in the figure over the site in our campus.

Humidity profile from ground level to 25 meters.

Step 22: Pressure profile as move up in the sky the pressure is going to change which can be seen from this plot.

Pressure profile from ground level to 25 meters.

Step 23: Wind direction changing as the sensortile is fluctuated with the balloon lift. but gives about direction information.

Wind direction profile from ground level to 25 meters.

Step 24: Finally the wind speed profile give the change in wind speed as we lift the sensor device from ground level to 25 meters.

Wind Speed profile from ground level to 25 meters.

Video shows how we measure environmental conditions using the SensorTile and Hydrogen filled balloons as a Balloonsonde.

Video showing the demonstration on Balloonsonde environmental parameters monitoring.

Conclusion: The measurement are carried out at different heights using the SensorTile device. The maximum measurable height is about 25 meters from ground level we cannot go beyond due to the Bluetooth limitations. This balloonsonde is useful to the meteorologists to analysis the environment over a city and can also helpful for farmer in their crop when to using pesticides spraying. With the automated weather station this kind of feasibility is not available because it is fixed to site and height. With the environment measurement over a city we can estimate the air pollution by temperature observation and can estimate the spreading using wind data. SensorTile is useful to make our city clean and smarter.

Schematics

Code

Program Code to SensorTile

/* Program for SensorTile*/
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"
#include "cmsis_os.h"
#include "datalog_application.h"
    
/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
    
#define DATAQUEUE_SIZE     ((uint32_t)100)
                                                              
typedef enum
{
  THREAD_1 = 0,
  THREAD_2
} Thread_TypeDef;
  
/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/

osThreadId GetDataThreadId, WriteDataThreadId;

osMessageQId dataQueue_id;
osMessageQDef(dataqueue, DATAQUEUE_SIZE, int);

osPoolId sensorPool_id;
osPoolDef(sensorPool, DATAQUEUE_SIZE, T_SensorsData);

osSemaphoreId readDataSem_id;
osSemaphoreDef(readDataSem);

osSemaphoreId doubleTapSem_id;
osSemaphoreDef(doubleTapSem);

/* LoggingInterface = USB_Datalog  --> Save sensors data on SDCard (enable with double click) */
/* LoggingInterface = SDCARD_Datalog  --> Send sensors data via USB */
LogInterface_TypeDef LoggingInterface = USB_Datalog;

USBD_HandleTypeDef  USBD_Device;
static volatile uint8_t MEMSInterrupt = 0;
volatile uint8_t no_H_HTS221 = 0;
volatile uint8_t no_T_HTS221 = 0;

void *LSM6DSM_X_0_handle = NULL;
void *LSM6DSM_G_0_handle = NULL;
void *LSM303AGR_X_0_handle = NULL;
void *LSM303AGR_M_0_handle = NULL;
void *LPS22HB_P_0_handle = NULL;
void *LPS22HB_T_0_handle = NULL; 
void *HTS221_H_0_handle = NULL; 
void *HTS221_T_0_handle = NULL;

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
static void GetData_Thread(void const *argument);
static void WriteData_Thread(void const *argument);

static void Error_Handler( void );
static void initializeAllSensors( void );
void enableAllSensors( void );
void disableAllSensors( void );
void setOdrAllSensors( void );

void dataTimer_Callback(void const *arg);
void dataTimerStart(void);
void dataTimerStop(void);

osTimerId sensorTimId;
osTimerDef(SensorTimer, dataTimer_Callback);

uint32_t  exec;
/* Private functions ---------------------------------------------------------*/

/**
  * @brief  Main program
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
int main(void)
{
  HAL_Init();

  /* Configure the System clock to 80 MHz */
  SystemClock_Config();

  if(LoggingInterface == USB_Datalog)
  {
    /* Initialize LED */
    BSP_LED_Init(LED1);
    BSP_LED_Off(LED1);
  }
 
  /* enable USB power on Pwrctrl CR2 register */
  HAL_PWREx_EnableVddUSB();
  
  if(LoggingInterface == USB_Datalog) /* Configure the USB */
  {
    /*** USB CDC Configuration ***/
    /* Init Device Library */
    USBD_Init(&USBD_Device, &VCP_Desc, 0);
    /* Add Supported Class */
    USBD_RegisterClass(&USBD_Device, USBD_CDC_CLASS);
    /* Add Interface callbacks for AUDIO and CDC Class */
    USBD_CDC_RegisterInterface(&USBD_Device, &USBD_CDC_fops);
    /* Start Device Process */
    USBD_Start(&USBD_Device);
  }
  else /* Configure the SDCard */
  {
    DATALOG_SD_Init();
  }

  /* Thread 1 definition */
  osThreadDef(THREAD_1, GetData_Thread, osPriorityAboveNormal, 0, configMINIMAL_STACK_SIZE*4);
  
  /* Thread 2 definition */
  osThreadDef(THREAD_2, WriteData_Thread, osPriorityNormal, 0, configMINIMAL_STACK_SIZE*4);
  
  /* Start thread 1 */
  GetDataThreadId = osThreadCreate(osThread(THREAD_1), NULL);

  /* Start thread 2 */
  WriteDataThreadId = osThreadCreate(osThread(THREAD_2), NULL);  
  
  /* Start scheduler */
  osKernelStart();

  /* We should never get here as control is now taken by the scheduler */
  for (;;);

}

/**
  * @brief  Get data raw from sensors to queue
  * @param  thread not used
  * @retval None
  */
static void GetData_Thread(void const *argument)
{
  (void) argument;
  uint8_t doubleTap = 0;
  T_SensorsData *mptr;
  
  sensorPool_id = osPoolCreate(osPool(sensorPool));     
  dataQueue_id = osMessageCreate(osMessageQ(dataqueue), NULL);
  
  readDataSem_id = osSemaphoreCreate(osSemaphore(readDataSem), 1);
  osSemaphoreWait(readDataSem_id, osWaitForever);
  
  doubleTapSem_id = osSemaphoreCreate(osSemaphore(doubleTapSem), 1);
  osSemaphoreWait(doubleTapSem_id, osWaitForever);
  
  /* Configure and disable all the Chip Select pins */
  Sensor_IO_SPI_CS_Init_All();
  
  /* Initialize and Enable the available sensors */
  initializeAllSensors();
  enableAllSensors();
  
  if(LoggingInterface == USB_Datalog)
  {
    dataTimerStart();
  }
  
  for (;;)
  {
    osSemaphoreWait(readDataSem_id, osWaitForever);
    if(MEMSInterrupt && LoggingInterface == SDCARD_Datalog)
    {
      MEMSInterrupt = 0;
      BSP_ACCELERO_Get_Double_Tap_Detection_Status_Ext(LSM6DSM_X_0_handle, &doubleTap);
      if(doubleTap)
      {
        if(SD_Log_Enabled) 
        {
          dataTimerStop();
          osMessagePut(dataQueue_id, 0x00000007, osWaitForever);
        }
        else
        {
          osMessagePut(dataQueue_id, 0x00000007, osWaitForever);
        }
      }
    }
    else
    {
      /* Try to allocate a memory block and check if is not NULL */
      mptr = osPoolAlloc(sensorPool_id);
      if(mptr != NULL)
      {
        /* Get Data from Sensors */
        if(getSensorsData(mptr) == COMPONENT_OK)
        {
          /* Push the new memory Block in the Data Queue */
          if(osMessagePut(dataQueue_id, (uint32_t)mptr, osWaitForever) != osOK)
          {
             Error_Handler();
          }
        }
        else
        {
          Error_Handler();
        }
      }
      else
      {
        Error_Handler();
      }
    }
  }
}


/**
  * @brief  Write data in the queue on file or streaming via USB
  * @param  argument not used
  * @retval None
  */
static void WriteData_Thread(void const *argument)
{
  (void) argument;
  osEvent evt;
  T_SensorsData *rptr;
  int size;
  char data_s[256];
  
  for (;;)
  {
    evt = osMessageGet(dataQueue_id, osWaitForever);  // wait for message
    if (evt.status == osEventMessage)
    {
      if(evt.value.v == 0x00000007)
      {
        if (SD_Log_Enabled) 
        {
          DATALOG_SD_Log_Disable();
          SD_Log_Enabled=0;
        }
        else
        {
          while(SD_Log_Enabled != 1)
          {
            if(DATALOG_SD_Log_Enable())
            {
              SD_Log_Enabled=1;
              osDelay(100);
              dataTimerStart();
            }
            else
            {
              //DATALOG_SD_Log_Disable();
              DATALOG_SD_DeInit();
              DATALOG_SD_Init();
              osDelay(100);
            }
          }
        }
      }
      else
      {
        rptr = evt.value.p;

        if(LoggingInterface == USB_Datalog)
        {
          size = sprintf(data_s, "TimeStamp: %d\r\n Acc_X: %d, Acc_Y: %d, Acc_Z :%d\r\n Gyro_X:%d, Gyro_Y:%d, Gyro_Z:%d\r\n Magn_X:%d, Magn_Y:%d, Magn_Z:%d\r\n Press:%5.2f, Temp:%5.2f, Hum:%4.1f\r\n",
                       rptr->ms_counter,
                       (int)rptr->acc.AXIS_X, (int)rptr->acc.AXIS_Y, (int)rptr->acc.AXIS_Z,
                       (int)rptr->gyro.AXIS_X, (int)rptr->gyro.AXIS_Y, (int)rptr->gyro.AXIS_Z,
                       (int)rptr->mag.AXIS_X, (int)rptr->mag.AXIS_Y, (int)rptr->mag.AXIS_Z,
                       rptr->pressure, rptr->temperature, rptr->humidity);
          osPoolFree(sensorPool_id, rptr);      // free memory allocated for message
          BSP_LED_Toggle(LED1);
          CDC_Fill_Buffer(( uint8_t * )data_s, size);
        }
        else
        {
          size = sprintf(data_s, "%d, %d, %d, %d, %d, %d, %d, %d, %d, %d, %5.2f, %5.2f, %4.1f\r\n",
                       rptr->ms_counter,
                       (int)rptr->acc.AXIS_X, (int)rptr->acc.AXIS_Y, (int)rptr->acc.AXIS_Z,
                       (int)rptr->gyro.AXIS_X, (int)rptr->gyro.AXIS_Y, (int)rptr->gyro.AXIS_Z,
                       (int)rptr->mag.AXIS_X, (int)rptr->mag.AXIS_Y, (int)rptr->mag.AXIS_Z,
                       rptr->pressure, rptr->temperature, rptr->humidity);
          osPoolFree(sensorPool_id, rptr);      // free memory allocated for message
          DATALOG_SD_writeBuf(data_s, size);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}


void dataTimer_Callback(void const *arg)
{ 
  osSemaphoreRelease(readDataSem_id);
} 


void dataTimerStart(void)
{
  osStatus  status;
 
  // Create periodic timer
  exec = 1;
  sensorTimId = osTimerCreate(osTimer(SensorTimer), osTimerPeriodic, &exec);
  if (sensorTimId)  {
    status = osTimerStart (sensorTimId, DATA_PERIOD_MS);                // start timer
    if (status != osOK)  {
      // Timer could not be started
    } 
  }
}

void dataTimerStop(void)
{
  osTimerStop(sensorTimId);
}




/**
* @brief  Initialize all sensors
* @param  None
* @retval None
*/
static void initializeAllSensors( void )
{
  if (BSP_ACCELERO_Init( LSM6DSM_X_0, &LSM6DSM_X_0_handle ) != COMPONENT_OK)
  {
    while(1);
  }
  
  if (BSP_GYRO_Init( LSM6DSM_G_0, &LSM6DSM_G_0_handle ) != COMPONENT_OK)
  {
    while(1);
  }
  
  if (BSP_ACCELERO_Init( LSM303AGR_X_0, &LSM303AGR_X_0_handle ) != COMPONENT_OK)
  {
    while(1);
  }
  
  if (BSP_MAGNETO_Init( LSM303AGR_M_0, &LSM303AGR_M_0_handle ) != COMPONENT_OK)
  {
    while(1);
  }
  
  if (BSP_PRESSURE_Init( LPS22HB_P_0, &LPS22HB_P_0_handle ) != COMPONENT_OK)
  {
    while(1);
  }
  
  if (BSP_TEMPERATURE_Init( LPS22HB_T_0, &LPS22HB_T_0_handle ) != COMPONENT_OK)
  {
    while(1);
  }
  
  if(BSP_TEMPERATURE_Init( HTS221_T_0, &HTS221_T_0_handle ) == COMPONENT_ERROR)
  {
    no_T_HTS221 = 1;
  }
  
  if(BSP_HUMIDITY_Init( HTS221_H_0, &HTS221_H_0_handle ) == COMPONENT_ERROR)
  {
    no_H_HTS221 = 1;
  }
  
  if(LoggingInterface == SDCARD_Datalog)
  {
    /* Enable HW Double Tap detection */
    BSP_ACCELERO_Enable_Double_Tap_Detection_Ext(LSM6DSM_X_0_handle, INT2_PIN);
    BSP_ACCELERO_Set_Tap_Threshold_Ext(LSM6DSM_X_0_handle, LSM6DSM_TAP_THRESHOLD_MID);
  }
  
}

/**
* @brief  Enable all sensors
* @param  None
* @retval None
*/
void enableAllSensors( void )
{
  BSP_ACCELERO_Sensor_Enable( LSM6DSM_X_0_handle );
  BSP_GYRO_Sensor_Enable( LSM6DSM_G_0_handle );
  BSP_ACCELERO_Sensor_Enable( LSM303AGR_X_0_handle );
  BSP_MAGNETO_Sensor_Enable( LSM303AGR_M_0_handle );
  BSP_PRESSURE_Sensor_Enable( LPS22HB_P_0_handle );
  BSP_TEMPERATURE_Sensor_Enable( LPS22HB_T_0_handle );
  if(!no_T_HTS221)
  {
    BSP_TEMPERATURE_Sensor_Enable( HTS221_T_0_handle );
  }
  if(!no_H_HTS221)
  {
    BSP_HUMIDITY_Sensor_Enable( HTS221_H_0_handle );
  }
}
/**
* @brief  Set ODR all sensors
* @param  None
* @retval None
*/
void setOdrAllSensors( void )
{
  BSP_ACCELERO_Set_ODR_Value( LSM303AGR_X_0_handle, ACCELERO_ODR);
  BSP_MAGNETO_Set_ODR_Value( LSM303AGR_M_0_handle, MAGNETO_ODR);
  BSP_GYRO_Set_ODR_Value(LSM6DSM_G_0_handle, GYRO_ODR);
  BSP_PRESSURE_Set_ODR_Value( LPS22HB_P_0_handle, PRESSURE_ODR);
  BSP_TEMPERATURE_Set_ODR_Value( HTS221_T_0_handle, TEMPERATURE_ODR);
  BSP_HUMIDITY_Set_ODR_Value( HTS221_H_0_handle, TEMPERATURE_ODR );    
}


/**
* @brief  Disable all sensors
* @param  None
* @retval None
*/
void disableAllSensors( void )
{
  BSP_ACCELERO_Sensor_Disable( LSM6DSM_X_0_handle );
  BSP_ACCELERO_Sensor_Disable( LSM303AGR_X_0_handle );
  BSP_GYRO_Sensor_Disable( LSM6DSM_G_0_handle );
  BSP_MAGNETO_Sensor_Disable( LSM303AGR_M_0_handle );
  BSP_HUMIDITY_Sensor_Disable( HTS221_H_0_handle );
  BSP_TEMPERATURE_Sensor_Disable( HTS221_T_0_handle );
  BSP_TEMPERATURE_Sensor_Disable( LPS22HB_T_0_handle );
  BSP_PRESSURE_Sensor_Disable( LPS22HB_P_0_handle );
}

/**
* @brief  EXTI line detection callbacks
* @param  GPIO_Pin: Specifies the pins connected EXTI line
* @retval None
*/
void HAL_GPIO_EXTI_Callback( uint16_t GPIO_Pin )
{
  MEMSInterrupt=1;
  osSemaphoreRelease(readDataSem_id);
}

/**
* @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence
* @param  None
* @retval None
*/
static void Error_Handler( void )
{
  while (1)
  {}
}


#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT

/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *   where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */

  /* Infinite loop */
  while (1)
  {}
}
#endif

/************************ (C) COPYRIGHT STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE****/

Credits

Comments

Awards

$100

ST SensorTile: IoT Sensing Magic!

Balloonsonde for City Environment Monitoring